{"id":163,"date":"2017-11-24T23:14:33","date_gmt":"2017-11-25T00:14:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/mahanweb.ir\/abbasyoun\/?page_id=163"},"modified":"2017-12-27T18:54:35","modified_gmt":"2017-12-27T19:54:35","slug":"parkinson","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/abbasyoun.com\/en\/parkinson\/","title":{"rendered":"Parkinson"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\nParkinson’s Disease<\/strong>
\n\u2022
\n\u2022 Parkinson’s disease facts
\n\u2022 What is Parkinson’s disease?
\n\u2022 What causes Parkinson’s disease?
\n\u2022 What genes are linked to Parkinson’s disease?
\n\u2022 Who is at risk for Parkinson’s disease?
\n\u2022 What are the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?
\n\u2022 What other conditions resemble Parkinson’s disease?
\n\u2022 How is Parkinson’s disease diagnosed?
\n\u2022 What is the treatment for Parkinson’s disease?
\n\u2022 How can people learn to cope with Parkinson’s disease?
\n\u2022 Can Parkinson’s disease be prevented?
\n\u2022 What is the prognosis of Parkinson’s disease?
\n\u2022
\nTake the Parkinson’s Quiz<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u2022 Parkinson’s Disease Center
\n\u2022 Parkinson’s Disease Slideshow Pictures
\n\u2022 Dementia Slideshow Pictures
\n\u2022 Take the Parkinson’s Quiz
\n\u2022 Parkinson’s Disease FAQs
\n\u2022 Patient Comments: Parkinson’s Disease – Symptoms
\n\u2022 Patient Comments: Parkinson’s Disease – Treatments
\n\u2022 Patient Comments: Parkinson’s Disease – Diagnosis
\n\u2022 Patient Comments: Parkinson’s Disease – Prognosis
\n\u2022 Find a local Neurologist in your town
\n\u2022 Parkinson’s disease facts
\n\u2022 What is Parkinson’s disease?
\n\u2022 What causes Parkinson’s disease?
\n\u2022 What genes are linked to Parkinson’s disease?
\n\u2022 Who is at risk for Parkinson’s disease?
\n\u2022 What are the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?
\n\u2022 What other conditions resemble Parkinson’s disease?
\n\u2022 How is Parkinson’s disease diagnosed?
\n\u2022 What is the treatment for Parkinson’s disease?
\n\u2022 How can people learn to cope with Parkinson’s disease?
\n\u2022 Can Parkinson’s disease be prevented?
\n\u2022 What is the prognosis of Parkinson’s disease?
\nParkinson’s disease facts<\/strong>
\n\u2022 Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder which leads to progressive deterioration of motor function due to loss of dopamine-producing brain cells.
\n\u2022 Primary symptoms include
\no tremor,
\no stiffness,
\no slowness,
\no impaired balance,
\no and later on a shuffling gait.
\n\u2022 Some secondary symptoms include
\no anxiety,
\no depression, and
\no dementia.
\n\u2022 Most individuals with Parkinson’s disease are diagnosed when they are 60 years old or older, but early-onset Parkinson’s disease also occurs.
\n\u2022 With proper treatment, most individuals with Parkinson’s disease can lead long, productive lives for many years after diagnosis.
\nWhat is Parkinson’s disease?<\/strong>
\nParkinson’s disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder and the most common movement disorder. It is characterized by progressive loss of muscle control, which leads to trembling of the limbs and head while at rest, stiffness, slowness, and impaired balance. As symptoms worsen, it may become difficult to walk, talk, and complete simple tasks.
\nThe progression of Parkinson’s disease and the degree of impairment vary from individual to individual. Many people with Parkinson’s disease live long productive lives, whereas others become disabled much more quickly. Premature death is usually due to complications such as falling-related injuries or pneumonia.
\nMost individuals who develop Parkinson’s disease are 60 years of age or older. Since overall life expectancy is rising, the number of individuals with Parkinson’s disease will increase in the future. Adult-onset Parkinson’s disease is most common, but early-onset Parkinson’s disease (onset between 21-40 years), and juvenile-onset Parkinson’s disease (onset before age 21) also exist.
\nDescriptions of Parkinson’s disease date back as far as 5000 BC. Around that time, an ancient Indian civilization called the disorder Kampavata and treated it with the seeds of a plant containing therapeutic levels of what is today known as levodopa. Parkinson’s disease was named after the British doctor James Parkinson, who in 1817 first described the disorder in great detail as “shaking palsy.”
\nWhat causes Parkinson’s disease?<\/strong>
\nA substance called dopamine acts as a messenger between two brain areas – the substantia nigra and the corpus striatum – to produce smooth, controlled movements. Most of the movement-related symptoms of Parkinson’s disease are caused by a lack of dopamine due to the loss of dopamine-producing cells in the substantia nigra. When the amount of dopamine is too low, communication between the substantia nigra and corpus striatum becomes ineffective, and movement becomes impaired; the greater the loss of dopamine, the worse the movement-related symptoms. Other cells in the brain also degenerate to some degree and may contribute to non-movement related symptoms of Parkinson’s disease.
\nAlthough it is well known that lack of dopamine causes the motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, it is not clear why the dopamine-producing brain cells deteriorate. Genetic and pathological studies have revealed that various dysfunctional cellular processes, inflammation, and stress can all contribute to cell damage. In addition, abnormal clumps called Lewy bodies, which contain the protein alpha-synuclein, are found in many brain cells of individuals with Parkinson’s disease. The function of these clumps in regards to Parkinson’s disease is not understood. In general, scientists suspect that dopamine loss is due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors.
\nWhat genes are linked to Parkinson’s disease?<\/strong>
\nIn most individuals, Parkinson’s disease is idiopathic, which means that it arises sporadically with no known cause. However, some of individuals diagnosed with Parkinsons also have family members with the disease. By studying families with hereditary Parkinson’s disease, scientists have identified several genes that are associated with the disorder. Studying these genes helps understand the cause of Parkinson’s disease and may lead to new therapies. So far, five genes have been identified that are definitively associated with Parkinson’s disease.
\n1. SNCA <\/strong>(synuclein, alpha non A4 component of amyloid precursor): SNCA makes the protein alpha-synuclein. In brain cells of individuals with Parkinson’s disease, this protein aggregates in clumps called Lewy bodies. Mutations in the SNCA gene are found in early-onset Parkinson’s disease.
\n2. PARK2<\/strong> (Parkinson’s disease autosomal recessive, juvenile 2): The PARK2 gene makes the protein parkin. Mutations of the PARK2 gene are mostly found in individuals with juvenile Parkinson’s disease. Parkin normally helps cells break down and recycle proteins.
\n3. PARK7<\/strong> (Parkinson’s disease autosomal recessive, early onset 7): PARK7 mutations are found in early-onset Parkinson’s disease. The PARK7 gene makes the DJ-1 protein, which may protect cells from oxidative stress.
\n4. PINK1 <\/strong>(PTEN-induced putative kinase 1): Mutations of this gene are found in early-onset Parkinson’s disease. The exact function of the protein made by PINK1 is not known, but it may protect structures within the cell called mitochondria from stress.
\n5. LRRK2 (leucine-rich repeat kinase 2): LRRK2 makes the protein dardarin. Mutations in the LRRK2 gene have been linked to late-onset Parkinson’s disease.
\nSeveral other chromosome regions and the genes GBA (glucosidase beta acid), SNCAIP (synuclein alpha interacting protein), and UCHL1 (ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal esterase L1) may also be linked to Parkinson’s disease.
\nWho is at risk for Parkinson’s disease?<\/strong>
\n\u2022 Age is the largest risk factor for the development and progression of Parkinson’s disease. Most people who develop Parkinson’s disease are older than 60 years years of age.
\n\u2022 Men are affected about 1.5 to 2 times more often than women.
\n\u2022 A small number of individuals are at increased risk because of a family history of the disorder.
\n\u2022 Head trauma, illness, or exposure to environmental toxins such as pesticides and herbicides may be a risk factor.
\nParkinson’s disease mentioned in history<\/strong>
\nDescriptions of people with Parkinsonism date back to ancient Egypt. It is also mentioned in the Christian Bible and Claudius Galenus’ (Galen’s) writings. Claudius Galenus (or Aelius Galenus), who lived from 129 AD to around 200 AD, was a well-known Roman (of Greek origin) doctor and philosopher.
\nThen there seem to be no clear references to PD (Parkinson’s Disease) until the 17th century. Auguste Fran\u00e7ois Chomel, a French pathologist, John Hunter, a Scottish surgeon, Hieronymus David Gaubius, a German physician and chemist, and Franciscus Sylvius, a Dutch chemist, physiologist and anatomist, all described Parkinson’s-type signs and symptoms during the 17th and 18th centuries.
\n\"\"
\nJames Parkinson
\nJames Parkinson <\/strong>(1755-1824) – an English apothecary surgeon, political activist, paleontologist and geologist, wrote An Essay on the Shaking Palsy in 1817. In that work he is thought to be the first to describe paralysis agitans (shaking palsy), a condition which Jean-Martin Charcot renamed Parkinson’s disease sixty years later.
\nJames Parkinson systematically described six people with signs and symptoms of the disease we know today as Parkinson’s. They were not formally examined, but he observed them as they went on on their daily walks, and sometimes asked them to describe their symptoms to him. In his Essay Parkinson described the characteristic resting tremor, diminished muscle strength, paralysis, unusual posture and gait, and how the disease progresses over time.
\nJean-Martin Charcot<\/strong> (1825-1893) – a French neurologist and professor of anatomical pathology, also known as the founder of modern neurology. His studies between 1868 and 1881 are described today by medical historians as a “landmark in the understanding of Parkinson’s disease”. He also clearly defined and explained the difference between rigidity, weakness and bradykinesia (a slowness in the execution of movement). Charcot is also famous for naming and being the first to describe multiple sclerosis.<\/p>\n

Drawing of a patient with Parkinson’s by Charcot
\nFrederic Lewy (1885-1950) – a prominent American neurologist is best known for the discovery of Lewy bodies, characteristic indicators of Dementia with Lewy Bodies and Parkinson’s disease.
\nKonstantin Nikolaevitch Tretiakoff<\/strong> (1892-1958) – a Russian neuropathologist. While writing his thesis for his doctorate at L’Assistance Publique des Hopitaux de Paris, France, he described the degeneration of the substantia nigra in cases of Parkinson’s – he was the first to link this anatomic structure with Parkinson’s disease. Tretiakoff’s findings were not accepted by many in the medical community, until they were confirmed in further studies carried out by Rolf Hassler, in 1938.
\nRolf Hassler <\/strong>(1914-1984) – a distinguished German pathologist. Hassler made important discoveries in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. In a 1938 published paper, he wrote that autopsies of Parkinson’s patients showed that the most affected part of the brain was the substantia nigra pars pallidus, which lost many neurons and had an abundant accumulation of Lewy bodies. He became a pioneer in surgery for tremor.
\nArvid Carlsson <\/strong>(1923) – a Swedish scientist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology\/Medicine in 2000 for his work on dopamine, Carlsson is best known for his work with dopamine and its effects in Parkinson’s disease. He demonstrated that dopamine is a neurotransmitter in the brain and not just a precursor for norepinephrine.
\nCarlsson and his research team at Astra AB (today AstraZeneca) managed to derive the first marketed SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor) – zimelidine – from brompheniramine. He noticed that dopamine levels in the basal ganglia are particularly high – this part of the brain is important for movement. He then demonstrated that when animals were given reserpine, a drug, dopamine levels dropped and the animals lost movement control – he explained that in Parkinson’s disease, dopamine levels also fall, causing loss of movement.
\nCarlsson then showed that when L-Dopa was administered to the animals, their symptoms were alleviated. L-Dopa is a precursor of dopamine. This breakthrough led doctors to try L-Dopa on their Parkinson’s patients with early symptoms. L-Dopa is still the basis for most drugs prescribed for Parkinson’s disease symptoms.
\nKazimierz Funk<\/strong> (anglicized as Casimir Funk 1884 – 1967) – a Polish biochemist. Until the arrival of “levodopa”, anticholinergics and surgery were the only available treatments for patients with Parkinson’s. Funk first synthesized levodopa (L-Dopa) in 1911, but it was not until the middle of the last century that it received any attention. In 1967, levodopa entered clinical practice and revolutionized Parkinson’s management.
\nWell known people with Parkinson’s disease
\nAlive (as at 26th June, 2012)<\/strong>
\n\u2022 Billy Graham (b. 1918), American evangelist
\n\u2022 Booth Gardner (b. 1936), Washington state governor
\n\u2022 Gunther von Hagens (b. 1945), Inventor and Anatomist
\n\u2022 Janet Reno (b. 1938), Former Attorney General of the United States
\n\u2022 Jansher Khan (b. 1969), ex-World squash champion
\n\u2022 Jeremy Thorpe (b. 1929), British politician
\n\u2022 John Walker (b. 1952), New Zealand athlete
\n\u2022 Maurice White (b. 1941), musician
\n\u2022 Michael J. Fox (b. 1961), Canadian actor
\n\u2022 Muhammad Ali (b. 1942), boxer (pugilistic Parkinson’s syndrome)
\n\u2022 Ray Kennedy (b. 1951), English soccer player
\nDead<\/strong>
\n\u2022 Basil D’Oliveira (1931-2011), South African born English cricketer
\n\u2022 Charles Schulz, American cartoonist (1922-2000)
\n\u2022 Deborah Kerr, British actress (1921-2007)
\n\u2022 Enoch Powell, British politician (1912-1998)
\n\u2022 Eugene McCarthy (1916-2005) American politician
\n\u2022 Francisco Franco Spanish dictator (1892-1975)
\n\u2022 George Wallace, former governor of Alabama (1919-1998)
\n\u2022 John Lindsay, New York City mayor (1921-2000)
\n\u2022 Kenneth More, English actor (1914-1982)
\n\u2022 Mao Zedong, Chinese Dictator (1893-1976)
\n\u2022 Pierre Elliott Trudeau, Canadian politician (1919-2000)
\n\u2022 Pope John Paul II (1920-2005), Polish cleric
\n\u2022 Prince Claus, (1926-2002), husband of Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands
\n\u2022 Salvador Dal\u00ed, Spanish artist (1904-1989)
\n\u2022 Sir John Betjeman, CBE, British Poet Laureate (1906-1984)
\n\u2022 Sir Michael Redgrave (1908-1985), British actor
\n\u2022 Terry-Thomas, British character actor (1911-1990)
\n\u2022 Vincent Price, American actor, also suffered from lung cancer (1911-1993) [\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/3″][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column width=”2\/3″][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

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